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ILLITERACY IN ALABAMA-LET'S REMOVE IT 



THE PROBLEM, 

THE PLAN, THE PROCLAMATION 

OF THE GOVERNOR 



X 



ILLITERACY DAY 
MONDAY, JUNE 7, 1915 




PUBLISHED BY 
ALABAMA ILLITERACY COMMISSION 
'' MAY 10, 1915 



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ALABAMA ILLITERACY COMMISSION 



HON, WM, D. JELKS, President Birmingrham 

HON. JAMES B. ELLIS Selma 

MISS MARY N. MOORE Athens 

MRS. W. K. LINSCOTT Mobile 

WM. F. FEAGIN, Secretary-Treasurer Montgomery 
MRS. E. D. THAMES, Field Agent Greenvillt 

All communications should be addressed to the 
Secretary-Treasurer. 



(.^ 



V 



INTRODUCTION 



THE Alabama Illiteracy Commission has no authority, 
nor does it desire to issue orders. Its duty is not to 
command but to point out an open door of opportu- 
nity and summon those who will to enter. 
Believing that there are thousands of loyal sons and daugh- 
ters of Alabama who are bigger in their sympathies and in 
their ideals of service than any monetary consideration, we 
invite such to join in a concerted statewide crusade for the 
elimination of illiteracy. 

Let those who would enter such a service bear in mind that 
there are no beaten paths to follow and no proven guides to 
lead. The very essence of the work is research and initia- 
tive, and many who enlist will doubtless be able to devise bet- 
ter plans than any we are now prepared to suggest. 

The chief qualifications for the work will be a spirit of con- 
secration, of application, of patience, and of determination, 
and those who succeed may be teachers of the World, for as 
yet but little is known or attempted in this wide field. It is 
supposed that the actual work of teaching will very largely 
fall upon the shoulders of the teachers of the State, but the 
task is of such delicacy and magnitude as to require the best 
skill and effort of all who are prepared to assist. 

The Illiteracy Commission desires to give the widest pub- 
licity to ways and means of attacking the problem and the 
fullest recognition to those who contribute in anywise to its 
solution. To these ends it solicits frequent communications, 
both critical and constructive, from all who are or may be- 
come interested in the movement to banish illiteracy. 

Sincerely, 
ALABAMA ILLITERACY COMMISSION, 
WM. D. JELKS, Chairman, 
WM. F. FEAGIN, Sec'ty-Treas., 
JAMES B. ELLIS, 
MISS MARY N. MOORE, 
MRS. W. K. LINSCOTT. 



PROCLAMATION BY THE GOVERNOR 




HEREAS, the people of Alabama look with pride upon 
her remarkable record of progress and are moved 
with a passionate desire to further promote her in- 
dustrial, intellectual, and moral efficiency; and, 

Whereas, the realization of this patriotic ambition calls for 
the promotion of literacy and the elimination of illiteracy; 
and, 

Whereas, intelligent effort in this direction requires: First, 
a knowledge of conditions. Second, the organization of the 
forces who are to perform the work. Third, the united and 
persistent efforts of the workers. 

Therefore, I, Charles Henderson, Governor of Alabama, in 
response to the widespread sentiment among our people, as 
expressed by the Legislature of Alabama, the Alabama Illiter- 
acy Commission and the Alabama Educational Association do 
hereby set apart and designate the first Monday in June, one 
thousand nine hundred fifteen, to be observed throughout the 
State as ILLITERACY DAY, and I appoint and fix this £.s 
the time when every literate man, woman, and youth in the 
commonwealth shall consecrate himself to the service of his 
State and community, and as the date when the people shall 
meet, confer, and organize clubs for the banishment of illit- 
eracy in the several communities. 

I call upon the teachers in every community, the school 
improvement associations, the chambers of commerce, the 
farmers' unions, the press of the Stat§, the ministers, law- 
yers, physicians, farmers, business men, and all others to lay 
aside matters of private concern and to heartily cooperate in 
working out plans for the removal of illiteracy. 

With a lofty faith and resolution that Alabama, under the 
favorable guidance of Almighty God, shall wipe away the 
black stain, I call on every literate man, woman, and child of 
every station, community or creed to consecrate himself to 
this stupendous though surmountable task. 

Done in our City of Montgomery, on this the fifth day of 
May, in the year of our Lord, 1915, and the 140th year of our 
American independence. CHAS. HENDERSON, 

Governor of Alabama. 

D. of D. 
lUN .^ 19 5 



CONDITIONS 



THE magnitude of the task confronting us, if we are to 
banish our illiteracy, will appear from the fact that 
there are 641,168 persons in our State from the ages 
of 10 to 20 inclusive, 15% of whom, or 96,406, are 
illiterate, while from the ages of 21 and over, we have 1,015,- 
070 persons, 26% of whom, or 266,273 can neither read nor 
write. 

If we sort out our white men and women we will find 31,661 
males of voting age, and 33,765 mature women who are fet- 
tered by illiteracy, either number approximating the com- 
bined adult white male population of our three largest cities, 
Birmingham, Mobile, and Montgomery. 

Based on the 1910 census, only 3,874 of our native white 
illiterates are city dwellers, while 80,894 of them reside in the 
country. The town rate is 2.5% and the country rate is 
11.5%, but there is no room for a quarrel between the city 
and the country. In our only city with a population exceed- 
ing 100,000, our native white illiteracy is greater than in any 
city in its class in the country except Atlanta, Louisville, 
Richmond, and Nashville. There are in Birmingham, Mobile 
and Montgomery, respectively, 186, 39, and 33 native white 
men of voting age who have to have assistance in casting 
their ballots. 

In our four cities of the second class with populations ex- 
ceeding 10,000 inhabitants, there are 701 native white persons 
10 years of age and over who cannot read and write. 

There are in our twenty-one cities of the third class with 
populations from 2,500 to 10,000, in round numbers 2,200 na- 
tive whites 10 years of age and over, who cannot read and 
write. 

The lowest rate of illiteracy among our native whites is 
found in Montgomery County, but even there we find 122 
males of voting age who cannot intelligently transact any 
business requiring the ability to read and write. 

The statistics showing the rank of the several counties is 
contained elsewhere in this pamphlet. 



SIGNIFICANT FACTS ABOUT ALABAMA'S STANDING IN ILLITERA- 
CY AS COMPARED WITH THE 47 OTHER STATES 
IN THE UNION 

Total population 10 years of age and over 47 

Total white population 10 years of age and over 44 

Total native-born white population 10 years of age and 

over 44 

Total negro population 10 years of age and over 48 

Total male population 21 years of age and over 46 

Total white male population 21 years of age and over 42 

Total native-born white male population 21 years of age 

and over 43 

Total negro male population 21 years of age and over 48 

Wherever we may choose to place the responsibility for 
such conditions, deplorable and lamentable as they may be, 
and however we may attempt to shift the burden of the 
blame, they are a serious reflection upon every man and 
woman within our borders and a discredit to our State. 

THE PROBLEM 

Those who have made the most exhaustive and scholarly 
study of illiteracy conditions have told us that the reducible 
minimum to which illiteracy should be lo,wered in the United 
States is 1% for native-born whites, 5% for negroes, and 
12% for foreign-born whites, the latter number representing 
the average illiteracy of the countries from which our immi- 
grants come. 

If we accept the standard which others by common consent 
have set up, Alabama's problem becomes one of reducing her 
native white illiteracy from 9.9% to the minimum of 1%, and 
her negro illiteracy from 40.1% to 5%. We may ignore our 
foreign-born population, inasmuch as statistics show that 
their percentage of illiteracy, so far as Alabama is con- 
cerned, is already below the minimum stated above. 

THE MOONLIGHT SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 

Perhaps the most unique and significant of all the efforts 
to remove illiteracy was undertaken by Mrs. Cora Wilson 
Stewart, Superintendent of Schools in Rowan County, Ken- 



tucky, in September, 1911. *"Illiteracy in the United States 
and an Experiment for Its Elimination," tells the story: 

"Having studied carefully the conditions of the county, 
Mrs. Stewart decided to open night schools for adults on 
moonlight nights in the public schoolhouses of the county. 
She outlined her plan to the teachers and called for volun- 
teers. All the teachers of the county responded. On Labor 
Day, September 4, 1911, these teachers visited the homes of 
the people throughout the county, explained the plan, and 
announced that moonlight schools would be opened the next 
evening. It was expected that the response would be slow, 
but more than 1,200 men and women from 18 to 86 years old 
were enrolled the first evening. They came trooping over the 
hills and out of the hollows, some to add to the meager educa- 
tion received in the inadequate schools of their childhood, 
some to receive their first lessons in reading and writing. 
Among these were not only illiterate wives, sons, and daugh- 
ters, but also illiterate merchants or "storekeepers," illiter- 
ate ministers, and illiterate lumbermen. Mothers, bent with 
age, came that they might learn to read letters from absent 
sons and daughters, and that they might learn for the first 
time to write to them." 

Almost one-third of the population of the county were en- 
rolled. Says Mrs. Stewart: 

"They had all the excuses and all the barriers which any 
people might offer, — high hills, bridgeless streams, rugged 
roads, weariness from the day's hard toil, the shame of be- 
ginning study late in life, and all the others, — but they were 
not seeking excuses,^ — they were sincerely and earnestly seek- 
ing knowledge. Their interests, their zeal, and their enthusi- 
asm were wonderful to witness. It was truly an inspiring 
sight to see these aged pupils bending over the desks which 
their children and grandchildren had occupied during the day. 
Their delight in learning and their pride in their achieve- 
ments exceeded any joy that I have ever witnessed." 

In some instances, where shyness prevented some of the 
adults from attending at first, lessons were given in their 
homes until they could read and write a little. They were 
then willing and eager to enroll in the night schools. 

In September, 1912, a "moonlight school" teachers' institute 
was held in Mbrehead, Ky., and the superintendent and teach- 
ers who had conducted the first moonlight schools instructed 
others who wished to do work of this kind in Rowan and ad- 



*United States Bureau of Education Bulletin, 1913, No. 20— Whole No. 530. 



joining counties, and in the fall of 1912 the movement spread 
to eight or ten other counties, while the enrollment of adults 
in Rowan County reached nearly 1,600. 

The success of the men and women proves that it is not so 
difficult for illiterate grown-ups to learn to read and write 
as is generally supposed. They learn in a very short time, if 
given opportunity. Reading, writing, and arithmetic are sim- 
ple subjects when mature minds are concentrated upon them. 
A child of ordinary mind can be taught to read and write in 
three or four weeks, and the adult can do at least as well. 
One man, aged 30, after four lessons in the evening school, 
wrote the county superintendent a legible letter. Another 
man, aged 50, wrote a legible letter after seven nights' at- 
tendance. A woman, aged 70, wrote a legible letter after 
eight nights of study. These cases are, of course, excep- 
tional; but experience has shown that a few weeks' atten- 
dance at the night schools has been sufficient to enable the 
adult pupils to pass over the dark lines of illiteracy and to get 
mto the class of literates. 

One of the significant facts brought out in this experiment 
is that adults of limited education have taken advantage of 
the opportunity to return to school and to increase their 
knowledge. Of the 1,600 adult pupils attending night school 
during the second term, 300 were unable to read and write at 
all, 300 were from those who had learned in September, 1911, 
and 1,000 were men and women of meager education. 

In a number of instances adults from the night schools 
have enrolled as pupils in the day schools; and the superin- 
tendent states that the presence of a determined man or 
woman in the school has proven an inspiration to pupils and 
teacher. 

The change in the attitude of the community toward the 
school, where the night school has been undertaken, is in it- 
self significant. A school trustee thus describes the change 
in his community: 

"I have lived in this district for 55 years and I never saw 
any such interest as we have here now. The school used to 
just drag along, and nobody seemed interested. We never 
had a gathering at the school, and nobody thought of visiting 
the school. We had not had night school but three weeks un- 



til we got together right. We papered the house, put in new 
windows, purchased new stovepipe, made new steps, contrib- 
uted money, and bought the winter's fuel." 

The remark of one old woman of 70 probably voices the 
feelings and sentiments of all the adults who have learned to 
read and write in these night schools. When asked what 
benefit the moonlight school had been to her, she said: "Oh, 
to be able to read my Bible and to write to my children and 
grandchildren! I would not take anything for the privilege." 

The studies pursued in these moonlight schools are reading, 
writing, arithmetic, and spelling. Brief drills are given in the 
essential facts of language, history, geography, civics, sani- 
tation, agriculture, and horticulture. The reading text is the 
Rowan County School Messenger, edited by the county super- 
intendent, published weekly for the special benefit of the 
adult students, and furnished free of charge. This paper deals 
largely with school and county affairs, and the news is made 
up in short sentences designed to help the pupils in their ef- 
forts to read. 

This experiment in Rowan County, Ky., shows that it :s 
possible to bring help to illiterate men and women even under 
the most difficult and adverse circumstances. 

PLAN OF ATTACK 

The inauguration and oversight of the campaign for the 
banishment of illiteracy is a problem confronting the Ala- 
bama Illiteracy Commission, but if the undertaking is to be 
the inspiring success it ought to be, there must be men and 
women in every county and in every community who will pa- 
tiently and faithfully assist in working out and in prosecut- 
ing plans for the accomplishment of this task. 

With this in view the Commission will, in the near future, 
appoint a sub-commission for each county, to be composed of 
at least two business men, the county superintendent of edu- 
cation, the principal of the county high school, or some other 
prominent teacher, and the president of the school improve- 
ment association, or of the federation of women's clubs. 

Upon this committee will rest the responsibility of arousing 
the proper sentiment and enthusiasm throughout the county, 



of mapping out plans for the workers enlisted, and of having 
the oversight of the general plan and policy of the illiteracy 
campaign in the county. This county organization will main- 
tain the closest relationship with the State Commission and 
will report regularly upon the condition and progress of the 
movement in the county. The State Commission, on the 
other hand, will lend all aid and encouragement possible to 
the county organization and will publish from time to time 
such data and plans as may be worth while for encourage- 
ment and information. 

No matter how efficient the state and county commissions 
may be, however, the campaign against illiteracy will not 
succeed unless there is in each neighborhood not only a 
teacher and school trustees, but a number of other public- 
spirited men and women ready to cooperate and promote the 
movement. 

In conformity with the proclamation of the Governor and 
the plans of the Alabama Illiteracy Commission, it is expect- 
ed that the district trustees will arrange for a meeting of the 
people of the school district at the public schoolhouse at some 
convenient hour, on the first Monday in June, say at ten 
o'clock, the purpose being the organization of a local club for 
the study and removal of illiteracy in the district. 

The meeting should be called to order by the chairman of 
the district trustees, and after devotional exercises, including 
singing, the proclamation of the Governor should be read and 
a brief statement of the purpose of the meeting made by the 
chairman or some one appointed by him. At this point a 
twenty-minute address by the strongest available man 
should be made, looking towards creating a sentiment favora- 
ble to the organization of the club. He should set out the 
facts whixih necessitate the organization, and show the mag- 
nitude of the problem to be attacked. The scope of the work 
and appropriate statistics are contained in this pamphlet. 

It will be all the more impressive if a chart showing in 
heavy black letters the relative standing of the county, has 
been prepared in advance from the tables found on pages fur- 
ther on in this bulletin. A similar chart should also be pre- 
pared in advance from the data secured in the school census 
taken in the summer of 1914 for persons from the ages of ten 



to twenty inclusive. The figures and rank of the several 
counties of the State are contained in "Literacy and Illitera- 
cy in Alabama," published by the Department of Education. 
The data for each district may be had from the census book- 
lets in possession of the county superintendent of education. 
After the address referred to above, two or three five-min- 
ute talks should be made by leading persons in the commu- 
nity. Such expressions should be spontaneous and if the 
proper sentiment has been aroused, they should look directly 
toward a permanent organization of a district illiteracy club. 
A permanent chairman and secretary should be chosen and 
the organization initiated. It will not be necessary to have a 
constitution and by-laws, but at least two definite committees 
should be appointed to report at a future fixed meeting. 

(a) Committee on census enumeration. 

Two duties in particular rest upon the shoulders of this 
committee. First: To secure the full name and address of 
every person in the district ten years of age and over who 
cannot read and write. Second: To secure the attendance of 
persons so enumerated at such evening schools as may be 
arranged for. 

(b) Committee on evening schools. 

This committee will be expected to arrange for the conduct 
of the evening schools, and under the direction of the sub- 
commission of the county to aid in the enlistment of volun- 
teers for the work of teaching. There will doubtless be cases 
where, because of temerity, embarrassment or isolation, some 
illiterate persons will not attend an evening school. This 
committee will endeavor to work out some plan for bringing 
such individuals to school or taking the school to such indi- 
viduals through personal work. 

After the appointment of these committees and the con- 
clusion of such other matters as seem pertinent to the satis- 
factory organization and continuation of the club and the ini- 
tiation of the illiteracy campaign in the district, the club 
should adjourn until a fixed date, not later than ten days 
hence, when reports from the committees indicated above are 
to be heard. The secretary of the club should at once send to 
the sub-commission of the county the complete record of the 
day's proceedings. 



ILLITERATES TEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER 

NATIVE WHITE 

Rank. County. Number. Per Cent. 

1 Montgomery 355 1,7 

2 Sumter 73 1.8 

3 Dallas _ 177 2.4 

4 Greene 66 2.8 

5 Mobile 980 3.0 

6 Bullock 126 3.5 

7 Wilcox 164 3.5 

8 Jefferson 3,408 3.6 

9 Lowndes 107 3.7 

10 Macon 134 4.4 

11 Lee 510 5.2 

12 Marengo 368 5.6 

13 Perry 280 5.8 

14 Elmore 675 6.3 

15 Chambers 863 6.9 

16 Baldwin 600 7.2 

17 Monroe 570 7.3 

18 Autauga .■ 437 7.4 

19 Hale 341 7.8 

20 Barbour 741 8.3 

21 Butler 817 8.3 

22 Clarke 818 8.3 

23 Coosa ; 625 8.5 

24 Russell 372 8.5 

25 Choctaw 437 8.9 

26 Pickens 764 8.9 

27 Lamar 893 9.1 

28 Morgan 1,669 9.2 

29 Pike 1,115 9.4 

30 Bibb 914 9.5 

31 Washington 541 9.6 

32 Cullman 1,813 9.9 

33 Crenshaw 1,145 10.1 

34 Colbert 1,100 10.2 

35 Clay 1,303 10.3 

36 Calhoun 2,163 10.7 

37 DeKalb 2,051 10.9 

38 Tallapoosa 1,522 10.9 

39 Henry 841 11.1 

40 Conecuh 930 11.3 

41 Marshall 2,101 11.3 

42 Talladega 1,581 11.3 

43 Escambia 1,034 11.4 

44 Lauderdale 1,915 11.6 

45 St. Clair 1,359 11.6 



Rank. County. Number. Per Cent. 

46 Madison 2,391 11.7 

47 Tuscaloosa 2,419 11.9 

48 Houston 1,938 12.0 

49 Winston 1,048 12.4 

50 Limestone 1,449 12.5 

51 Shelby 1,686 12.6 

52 Walker 2,599 12.8 

53 Etowah 2,913 12.9 

54 Blount : 1,824 13.3 

55 Randolph 1,712 13.3 

56 Dale 1,495 13.4 

57 Marion 1,547 13.6 

58 Chilton : 1,753 13.7 

59 Fayette 1,373 13.9 

60 Covington 2,388 14.3 

61 Geneva 2,385 15.9 

62 Cleburne 1,388 16.1 

63 Coffee 2,282 16.2 

64 Franklin 1,949 16.6 

65 Jackson 3,519 17.0 

66 Cherokee ; 2,084 17.0 

67 Lawrence 1,848 17.9 



ILLITERATE MALES OF VOTING AGE 

NATIVE WHITE 

Rank. County. Number. Per Cent. 

1 Montgomery 113 1.6 

2 Sumter 26 1.9 

3 Dallas 73 2.8 

4 Greene 26 3.3 

5 Mobile '. 370 3.3 

6 Jefferson 1,150 3.4 

7 Lowndes 42 4.3 

8 Wilcox 73 4.4 

9 Bullock 57 4.5 

10 Lee 160 4.9 

11 Marengo 145 6.3 

12 Macon 66 6.4 

13 Perry 106 6.6 

14 Elmore 270 7.7 

15 Chambers 322 7.9 

16 Baldwin 241 8.1 

17 Monroe 221 8.5 

18 Autauga 182 9.1 

19 Barbour 266 9.1 



Rank. County. 


Namber. 


Per Cent. 


20 Russell 


135 


9.1 


21 Clarke 


315 


9.5 


22 Colbert 


355 


9.5 


23 Hale - 


146 


9.5 


24 Butler 


312 


9.8 


25 Bibb 


331 


10.1 


26 Morgan 


641 


10.1 


27 Choctaw „ 


167 


10.2 


28 Lamar 


.._ 326 


10.3 


29 Coosa » 


256 


10.6 


30 Pickens 


309 


10.6 


31 Calhoun 


716 


10.9 


32 Cullman „. 


625 


11.0 


33 Washington 


..._ 213 


11.0 


34 Crenshaw 


430 


11.4 


35 Pike 


445 


11.5 


36 Henry 


288 


11.6 


37 Walker 


793 


11.6 
11.8 


38 Clay 


486 


39 Talladega „ 


542 


11.9 


40 DeKalb 


746 


12.3 


41 Lauderdale 


666 


12.5 


42 Escambia 


368 


12.6 


43 Winston 


_ 343 


12.6 


44 Marshall 


756 


12.7 


45 Tallapoosa 


597 


13.2 


46 Madison 


887 


13.3 


47 Conecuh 


362 


13.4 


48 Houston .. 


708 


13.4 
13.4 


49 Tuscaloosa 


954 


50 St. Clair 


514 


13.5 


51 Shelby 


610 


13.7 


52 Limestone 


541 


13.9 , 


53 Etowah 


1,110 


14.3 


54 Marion _ 


501 


14.3 


55 Dale _ 


536 


14.9 


56 Blount 


661 


15.0 


57 Chilton 


625 


15.0 


58 Fayette 


480 


15.1 


59 Covington 


_ 874 


15.4 


60 Randolph 


651 


15.7 


61 Jackson 


1,183 


17.2 


62 Franklin 


656 


17.4 


63 Geneva 


839 


17.4 
17.7 


64 Cleburne 


439 


65 Coffee 


811 


18.1 


66 Lawrence _ 


610 


18.4 


67 Cherokee „ 


_ 817 


20.2 



ILLITERATE CHILDREN FROM 10 TO 20 YEARS 

NATIVE WHITE 

Rank. County. Number, Per Cent. 

1 Lowndes .._ 4 .5 

2 Dallas 18 .8 

3 Montgomery - 57 1.1 

4 Sumter 15 1.1 

5 Greene 8 1.3 

6 Macon 19 1.9 

7 Bullock 22 2.1 

8 Mobile _.„ - 239 2.3 

9 Lee :. 69 2.3 

10 Marengo _ 51 2.5 

11 Jefferson - 807 2.5 

12 Perry _ 50 2.9 

13 Hale 48 3.6 

14 Russell - ™ 44 3.6 

15 Coosa 90 3.7 

16 Elmore 162 4.0 

17 Pickens 146 4.4 

18 Pike 176 4.6 

19 Autauga 100 5.2 

20 Wilcox 75 5.2 

21 Barbour 179 5.8 

22 Clarke ; 198 6.1 

23 Baldwin 227 6.3 

24 Tallapoosa 340 6.3 

25 Butler 260 7.0 

26 Calhoun 565 7.6 

27 Morgan 483 7.7 

28 Chilton 369 7.7 

29 Lamar 303 7.8 

30 DeKalb 556 7.9 

31 Washington :. 163 7.9 

32 Colbert 310 8.0 

33 Crenshaw 308 8.4 

34 Shelby 401 8.4 

35 Tuscaloosa 588 8.7 

36 Marshall 672 9.2 

37 Bibb „ 353 9.2 

38 Talladega 449 9.4 

39 Chambers 481 9.7 

40 Conecuh _ 272 9.7 

41 Henry 234 9.7 

42 Blount 546 9.9 

43 Clay :..:.... 458 10.1 

4/: St. Clair 467 10.1 

45 Monroe 281 10 Ji 



Rank. County. 

46 Cullman 

47 Etowah 

48 Houston 

49 Marion 

50 Escambia 

51 Lauderdale 

52 Cherokee ... 

53 Dale 

54 Lawrence 

55 Choctaw ... 

56 Franklin ... 

57 Winston 

58 Fayette 

59 Walker 

60 Covington 

61 Limestone 

62 Jackson 

63 Coffee 

64 Cleburne ... 



LIBRPRY OF CONUKbbb 



029 487 187 1 



65 Madison 1,024 

66 Geneva 1,010 

67 Randolph 1,140 



779 


10.6 


643 


10.7 


496 


10.7 


405 


10.9 


660 


10.9 


484 


1L3 


453 


11.3 


429 


11.6 


244 


11.8 


492 


11.8 


406 


12.8 


517 


12.9 


951 


12.9 


959 


13.4 


566 


13.4 


931 


13.6 


775 


13.8 


460 


14.6 


024 


14.7 


010 


17.4 


140 


21.3 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS • 



liililllllllllllill 

029 487 187 1 




